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By Thomas Michel
In any study of Christian-Muslim dialogue in the 20th century, special attention must be given to the writings and preaching of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. As one of the first religious thinkers to propose unity between Muslims and Christians, Said Nursi’s advocacy of dialogue dates back to 1911. This was 50 years before the Catholic Church’s Second Vatican Council urged Christians and Muslims to move beyond the conflicts of the past to build relations characterized by respect and cooperation. Bediuzzaman’s repeated promotion of Muslim-Christian dialogue is even more striking in that his recommendations frequently date from times of tension and even warfare between Muslim and Christian communities. As a Christian reading the voluminous writings of Said Nursi, I find many attitudes and viewpoints expressed with which I immediately resonate. I have discovered in the works of this committed Muslim thinker many points of contact with my own faith in the one God. I find myself wishing that I had known the man in person, so that I could have raised questions, pursued further various elements of his teaching and profited from his responses. My goal here is not to survey the broad outlines of the thought of Said Nursi nor to list the many areas where he offered new and valuable insights, but to look precisely at one topic: “Muslim-Christian Understanding in the Thought of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi.” His insights are still valid for our own reflection, and many of his thoughts on the subject are only now beginning to bear fruit within the Muslim and Christian communities of believers.
Muslims and Christians United in a Critique of Civilizations Every community of believers in God must face the challenges of the age. Every period in history provides its own unique set of challenges, because people of every historical era and cultural setting succumb to the temptation to replace the values of God’s will with those of their own desires. The Christian faith has been marked by Jesus’ confrontation with the evils of his age: the collusion of power and religious leadership, a legalistic mentality that gave greater weight to human legal opinions than to the values of compassion and love, an exclusivist religiosity that provided special privileges to some groups while marginalizing the poor, the outsider, the female, and the individual unversed in religious subtleties. Similarly, Islam carries on the tradition of the struggle of Muhammad against the values of unbelief in the Arabia of his time: the arrogance of those who had no use for God and no belief in eternal life, the idolatrous worship of the traditional cult of jahiliyya times, the oppression wrought by powerful persons upon slaves, women, orphans, the outcast, the wayfarer. The present age has produced its own challenges to sincere believers who seek to do God’s will. These can be summed up in what is usually called “modern civilization.” People of faith, Muslim and Christian, are generally agreed that not all of the modern civilization’s values are opposed to God’s will. It affirms and supports many good human qualities and has benefitted humanity in many ways. However, modern civilization also includes a way of thinking in which people no longer feel a need for God. Not only can people claim to feel no need to worship, thank and seek help from God, but, often, they do not look to God’s Word for guidance and instruction concerning the way to lead their lives. Many choose to follow their own self-conceived philosophies and ideologies. For those who desire to lead their lives according to God’s will, whether Muslim or Christian, a critique of modern civilization is imperative. Already in 1946, Said Nursi recognized that the task of formulating a critical approach to the values of modernity is one that should be carried out together by Muslims and Christians. In 1946, shortly after the end of the Second World War, he stated: “Believers should now unite, not only with their Muslim fellow-believers, but with truly religious and pious Christians, disregarding questions of dispute and not arguing over them, for absolute disbelief is on the attack.”[1] Said Nursi believed that the enemy of human happiness and ethical uprightness is unbelief, irreligion. It occurs when people choose to find their own path through life, not seeking divine guidance, not caring about God’s will or wise design for humankind, not wishing to give up their own pet desires and ideas in order to submit to God’s teaching about human nature and destiny. In seeking to affirm a divinely guided way of life in the modern age, said Nursi, Muslims find their natural allies in those Christians who are committed to following the teachings of Jesus and who seek to live according to the truth. Facing a common enemy, that of “aggressive atheism,” Muslims should unite, according to Nursi, “not only with their own fellow-believers, but also with the truly pious Christians.”[2] For such a common effort to succeed, he held, Christians and Muslims will have to refrain, at least for some time, from disputes between these two families of believers. In saying this, Said Nursi was not denying the fact that there are differences between Muslims and Christians or that the differences that exist are unimportant. His point is that concentrating obsessively on these differences can blind both Muslims and Christian to the more important common task they share, that of offering the modern world a vision of human life and society in which God is central and God’s will is the norm of moral values. Said Nursi was not an anti-modern traditionalist who sought to turn back the clock. He recognized that “there are numerous virtues in [modern] civilization.”[3] These positive values were not solely the products of Europe, but are the property of all and arise from “the combined thought of humankind, the laws of the revealed religions, innate need, and in particular from the Islamic revolution brought about by the shari’a of Muhammad.” With such positive values of modern civilization, religious people have no quarrel. Rather, they accept and rejoice in the benefits this civilization brings to humankind. Nursi’s evaluation of modernity is paralleled by a subtle evaluation of the role of Europe as the main exponent of modern civilization (and America as its most active disseminator.) He was no doctrinaire scorner of things European, but recognized that Europe’s contributions to modern life are ambiguous and require careful discernment. Europe has brought much good to many people but it also caused much harm. Some intellectual tendencies in Western history have enabled the negative qualities of modern civilization to emerge and dominate the good. On the one hand, Western civilization became distant and estranged from true Christianity and based its personal and societal views on the principles of an anthropocentric Greco-Roman philosophy which exalted the human person to the center of the universe and pushed God to its margins. Nursi held that European societies replaced divinely guided Christian ideals with the philosophical principles of the Enlightenment, focusing on the freedom of the individual, dismissing the formative role and rights of society, and reducing religious faith to a private, personal commitment with no voice in the spheres of politics, economics and social relations. On the other hand, Western civilization, in its unchecked market policies, promoted an “appalling inequality in the means of livelihood.”[4] This awareness of the relationship between globalizing market tendencies that divide the world into winners and losers and philosophical presuppositions that favor the rights and aspirations of the individual is an insight of Said Nursi’s that presages much recent post-modern and post-colonial critique of European civilization. The result, from the point of view of those who believe in God, is a Europe which presents a double face: a ‘good’ Europe and a ‘bad’ Europe. As he said in 1933-1934: Europe is two. One follows the sciences which serve justice and right and activities beneficial for the life of society through the inspiration it has received from true Christianity. This first Europe I am not addressing. Rather, I am addressing the second, corrupt Europe which, through the darkness of the philosophy of naturalism that considered the evils of civilization to be its virtues, has driven humankind to vice and false guidance.[5] This negative current, he held, seeks to destroy both Muslims and Christians by alienating them from the source of spiritual and moral values and by creating enmity between them. All those who believe in God and seek to promote a theocentric approach to life must recognize the dangers involved: “It is essential,” he wrote, “that missionaries, pious Christians as well as Nurcus, be extremely careful, for with the idea of defending itself against the attacks of the religions of Islam and Christianity, ‘the current from the North’ will try to destroy the accord of Islam and the missionaries.” ‘The current from the North’ is an obvious reference to the Soviet Union, and it is not surprising that these words of Said Nursi date from the late 1940s, a time when atheistic communism was extending its rule throughout Eastern Europe. In Nursi’s view, modern civilization is often in contradiction with divine teaching. Commenting on the Qur’anic verse, “O People of the Book! Come to a common tern between us and you,” he states: “Modern civilization, which is the product of the thought of all mankind and perhaps the jinn as well, has taken up a position opposed to the Qur’an.” In this situation, the Qur’anic injunction to come to a “common term” with the People of the Book” means that as communities rooted in faith in God, Muslims and Christians should become aware that they have a common mission to bear witness to divine values. Far from being divided by a supposed “clash of civilizations,” they are called to work together to carry on a civilizational dialogue with the proponents of modernity.
Tensions between Christians and Muslims It is a sad fact of human history that Christians and Muslims, despite their communitarian nature as peoples (umam) called to worship and obey the one and same God, have often been in conflict and even at war with one another. They have seen each other as enemies to be resisted and overcome. Energies which should have been employed to cooperate in the establishment of God-centered societies have been dissipated in mutual suspicion, domination and bloodshed. Writing at a time of serious tension and massacre between the two communities at the end of the First World War, Said Nursi offered a way out of this historical impasse. In the early years of the Turkish Republic, some Kurdish tribesmen in Eastern Anatolia found the idea of freedom for Greeks and Armenians repugnant, and they asked Said Nursi’s advice. His answer not only affirmed the right to liberty of these Christian peoples as something commanded by the shari’a but went farther to turn the question back on the tribesmen, challenging them to recognize the deeper problem as one that lay at the heart of their own ignorance and hard-heartedness. “Their freedom consists in leaving them in peace and not oppressing them,” he said, “for this is what the shari’a enjoins. Beyond this is their aggression in the face of your bad points and craziness, their benefitting from your ignorance.”[6] Nursi went on to state that the real enemy is not this or that group of Christians, but rather the situation of degradation into which all had fallen. As he said, “Our enemy, that which is destroying us, is Lord Ignorance, his son Poverty Effendi, and grandson, Enmity Bey. If the Armenians have opposed us in hatred, they have done so under the leadership of these three corrupters.”[7] As a Christian, I find his approach, which reaches to the heart of the problem, similar to what is expressed in the writings of St. Paul, who said: “Our battle is not against human forces, but against the dark powers that govern this world” (Eph. 6:12). In other words, at the deepest levels of spiritual striving to do God’s will and build harmonious and peaceful societies, our true enemies are not other persons, but rather the powers of ignorance, greed, poverty, and aggression that cloud our powers of perception and prevent us from acting as we should. These dark powers lie not outside ourselves, but within our own hearts. For this reason, both Islam and Christianity have always stressed repentance as the key to all personal and societal transformation. The message of Said Nursi is as valid for our own day as it was when he wrote these words almost 80 years ago. The root of tension and conflict between Muslims and Christians today lies not so much in the evil nature of the other as in our own selfish desire to dominate, control, and retaliate. When others achieve freedom these “dark forces,” we also grow in freedom or, as Said Nursi put it: “The freedom of non-Muslims is a branch of our own freedom.”[8]
The Reward of Innocent Martyrs World War I was one of the most disastrous periods in the history of Turkey. As the historical demographer J. McCarthy notes, “No other country suffered in the period of World War I as did Anatolia. The ‘lost generation’ in England, France and Germany was a real and terrible loss. Yet the total populations of the United Kingdom and Germany actually rose between 1911 and 1922, while that of France only declined by one percent. The Anatolian population fell by more than 30%.”[9] The secondary causes of war - disease, starvation and exposure - accounted for more deaths did battles, raids and massacres. Writing during this tragic period, Said Nursi could not ignore the reality of the deaths of so many innocent persons. He rose above sectarian loyalty to address the question of innocent Christians as well as Muslims who fell victim to the times. “Even if those innocent people were unbelievers,” he stated, “in return for the tribulations they suffered due to that worldly disaster, they have such a reward from the treasury of Divine mercy that if the veil of the Unseen were to open, a great manifestation of mercy would be apparent in relation to them and they would declare, ‘O Lord, thanks be to You! All praise belongs to God.’”[10] Nursi wrote that he was “touched strongly by the affliction, poverty and hunger visited on unfortunates as a result of mankind’s disaster and the winter cold, as well as by a harsh non-physical, spiritual cold.” He held that those innocent people who died in such circumstances “were martyrs of a sort, whatever religion they belonged to,” and that “their reward would be great and save them from Hell.” “Therefore,” he concluded, “it may be said with certainty that the calamity which the oppressed among Christians suffer, those connected to Jesus (Upon whom be peace) is a sort of martyrdom for them.”[11] Not all those who died during the war years were innocent of wrongdoing. Those who oppressed others and perpetrated evil against their neighbors, declared Said Nursi, will be punished by God. By contrast, he said, “If those who suffered the calamity hastened to assist the oppressed, strove for the welfare of humanity, and struggled to preserve the principles of religion and sacred revealed truths and human rights,” their rewards will be so great from God as to completely transcend their earthly sufferings.
Peace, Reconciliation, and Friendship between Muslims and Christians Said Nursi was aware that Muslim-Christian relations are not limited to an alliance of believers to confront critically the dangers of modernist ideology, to resolve conflicts, and to empathize with innocent victims, but should move in the direction of peace, reconciliation, and even friendship. In his final years, Said Nursi exerted his personal efforts toward reconciliation and friendship with Christians. In 1950, he sent a collection of his works to Pope Pius XII in Rome and on 22 February 1951 he received a personal letter of thanks from the Pope. One observer has noted that it was only a little over ten years at the Second Vatican Council that the Catholic church proclaimed its respect and esteem for Muslims and asserted that Islam was a genuine path of salvation.[12] A few years later in 1953, Said Nursi visited the Ecumenical Patriarch in Istanbul to seek cooperation between Muslims and Christians in the face of aggressive atheism. Many years before, in 1910-1911, Said Nursi was questioned concerning his desire to build relations of friendship with Christians. He was confronted with the restrictive interpretation that some Muslims had placed on the Qur’anic verse: “O you who believe! Do not take the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors” (5:51). In light of this verse, he was asked, why did he say that Muslims and Christians should be friends? He answered that the prohibition of friendship with Jews and Christians is effective only when they reflect Jewishness or Christianity. Just as not all of the characteristics of a Muslim necessarily reflect the teaching of Islam, so, also, not all of the qualities of individual Jews or Christians reflect unbelief. If Muslims find in a Jew or Christian qualities that are in agreement with Islamic teaching, they should consider those qualities praiseworthy. It is those good qualities that form the basis for friendship with Jews and Christians. “Can a Muslim love a Christian or Jew?”, he asked, and answered simply with the example of a man married to a woman of the People of the Book. “Of course, he should love her.”[13] The very fact that the Qur’an permits a Muslim to marry a Jewish or Christian woman, he insisted, presumes that he can and should love her.
Return of Jesus In no area is interpretation more difficult than those passages of sacred writings which speak of the future and the coming age. Such passages, whether one is speaking of Qur’anic verses which point to the approach of the hour of judgment or of apocalyptic writings in Christian scriptures, are customarily clothed in difficult and complex symbolism and obscure allusion. Interpreting such passages demands an interior grappling with the text by an interpreter soundly grounded in faith. Otherwise, the interpreter will be led astray by his/her own preconceptions and prejudices. Said Nursi accepted the soundness of the hadith reports that speak of the return of Jesus before the final hour: “Since [God] promised it, He will most certainly send him.”[14] At this historical time, Jesus is present in heaven in his earthly body,[15] but at the end of time, Jesus will return to fight and kill the Dajjal. These hadith, he said, must be understood in terms of the concept of collective personality, that of an individual person who represents in himself a community of individuals. “The Christian religion,” he states, “will be purified and divest itself of superstition in the face of the current of unbelief and atheism born of naturalist philosophy and will be transformed into Islam. At that point, the collective personality of Christianity, Jesus will kill the Dajjal, who embodies the collective personality of irreligion. That is, [Jesus] will kill atheistic thought.”[16] Said Nursi foresaw two great threats to religion, currents of unbelief represented by the evil figures of Sufyan and Dajjal. Sufyan will seek to destroy the shari’a of Muhammad and will be defeated by the Mahdi from the family of the Prophet. Dajjal will promote naturalist and materialist philosophy and lead to the total denial of God. Both will work secretly to subvert God’s reign over human hearts and eliminate the element of the sacred in social life.[17] It is against this second current which the true, purified Christianity, which comprises the collective personality of Jesus, will emerge. The true Christianity will reject superstition and distortion and be in unity with Islamic teachings. In effect, wrote Said Nursi, “Christianity will be transformed into a sort of Islam.”[18] It is not necessary that everyone recognize Jesus when he returns. Said Nursi believed it more likely that only those who are true believers and close to Jesus will know him to be the true Jesus, but it will not be generally evident to all. Dajjal, a huge and powerful opponent who will deceive many with promises of a false paradise, alluring amusements, and the varied enticements of civilization, represents atheistic currents in society. It is impossible for the reader of Said Nursi’s descriptions of the Dajjal not to find allusions to the vast empire of the former Soviet Union as well as to the secular culture of European nations. Nursi, however, looks forward to the day when true Christianity will emerge and fight against the plots of Sufyan and the Dajjal. He describes this purified Christianity as, “a zealous and self-sacrificing community known as a Christian community but worthy of being called ‘Muslim-Christians.’” It will work “to unite the true religion of Jesus with the reality of Islam. In killing the Dajjal of rampant atheism, it will save humanity from godless destruction.”[19] Thus, the kind of purification that Said Nursi expected would occur in Christianity seems not to be that of Christians abandoning their religion in order to enter Islam, but rather an inner transformation and completion of what they already have that is good. He states: “The Qur’an does not order you to abandon your religion completely. It proposes only that you complete you faith and build it on the fundamentals of religion that you already possess. The Qur’an...is a modifier and perfecter of basic principles. As for its nature as establisher, this only concerns such details as are subject to change and alteration because of differences of time and place.”[20]
Conclusion Said Nursi’s willingness to understand and empathize with both the sufferings and the goodness found in persons of other religious communities is, to me, the sign of an honest man guided by divine teaching. Too often, the vision of a religious individual does not go beyond the trials and accomplishments of his own community. In this context, the attitude of Said Nursi toward the Christian ‘martyrs’ of his time presages the 1969 attitude of Pope Paul VI concerning the Muslim martyrs in Uganda. Referring to those Ugandan Christians who gave their lives in the last century rather than renounce their faith, the Pope called the attention of his hearers to the fact that there were also many Muslims in that country who chose death rather than betray or compromise their Islamic faith. These, too, he held, are true martyrs and witnesses to faith in God. In all this, Said Nursi offered original and thought-provoking insights on Muslim-Christian dialogue and cooperation, holding that Muslims and Christians together can build a civilization according to God’s plan in which human dignity, justice and fellowship will be the norm. This is possible if they seek to ground their mutual relationship on love. In his famous Damascus Sermon, he states that the Fourth Word on which civilization is to be built is love. “That which is most worthy of love,” he states, “is love, and that most deserving of enmity is enmity. It is love and loving that render people’s social life secure and that lead to happiness - it is these which are most worthy of love and being loved.”[21] “The time for enmity and hostility is finished,” he concluded. This call to love, even across the boundaries of one’s religious community, still rings true today. Events which have occurred in our world since Said Nursi first delivered his Damascus Sermon in 1911 have underlined the importance of this message: two World Wars, conflict between India and Pakistan, massacres in Rwanda and Burundi, the plight of the Palestinian people, and the conflicts and tensions following upon the World Trade Center attacks remind us all that love is the only solution to fratricidal destruction. The world needs to see understanding and cooperation between Muslims and Christians, as two communities of faith founded on the loving and compassionate God, to show the way to love as the Divine Alternative to hatred and war.
FOOTNOTES [1] Emirdag Lahikas2, i, 202 (190). [2] Lem’alar, p. 146. Sincerity and Brotherhood, Istanbul, 1991, p. 13. [3] “Hubab,” in Mesnevi-i Nuriye, Istanbul, 1980, p. 81. Cited in Sukran Vahide, Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, Istanbul, 1992, p. 158. [4] Muhâkemat, Istanbul, 1977, pp. 37-38. [5] Lem’alar, p. 111. [6] Münâzarat, Istanbul, 1977, p. 20, cited in Vahide, p. 95. [7] Münâzarat, (Ott. ed.), p. 433, cited in Vahide, p. 95. [8] Münâzarat, p. 21. [9] McCarthy, Muslims and Minorities: the Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire, pp. 120-121. [10] Kastamonu Lahikas2, Istanbul: 1960, p. 45. [11] Kastamonu Lahikas2, p. 75. [12] Sukran Vahide, Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, p. 344. [13] Münâzarat, pp. 26-27. [14] Mektûbat, pp. 52-54. [15] Mektûbat, p. 6 (Letters 1928-1932, 22). [16] Mektûbat, p.6 (Letters 1928-1932, 22). [17] Mektûbat, p. 424. [18] Mektûbat, p. 52. [19] Ibid. [20] Isharatü’l I’caz, Istanbul: 1978, pp. 55-56. [21] The Damascus Sermon, Istanbul: 1996, p.49. |